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good afternoon

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i'm sarah dewitt from the office of

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public affairs at nasa's goddard space

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flight center in greenbelt maryland

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i'm pleased to introduce the second of

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today's three briefings which will focus

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on the science of glory

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a mission that will improve our

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understanding

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of aerosols and solar irradiance and

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their effect on earth's climate

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on the panel with me today are four

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principal members of the glory science

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team our first speaker will be hal marin

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glory program scientist from nasa

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headquarters in washington

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our second speaker is michael meschenko

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glory project scientist from nasa's

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goddard institute for space studies

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our third speaker

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is greg kopp the total irradiance

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monitor instrument scientist

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from the laboratory for atmospheric and

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space physics at the university of

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colorado in boulder

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and our final speaker is brian cairns

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aerosol polarimetry sensor instrument

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scientist from nasa's goddard institute

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for space studies

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we'll go ahead and start with pal mary

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thanks sarah

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we're really really happy to be here

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today it's been a long road with a few

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potholes but now we're very much looking

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forward to successfully launching glory

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now we know the earth's climate is

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changing and we know that the majority

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of that change is caused by human

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activities

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the grand challenge that climate

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scientists now face is to predict when

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and how much

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climate will change with enough fidelity

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to provide policy makers with reliable

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information that they need to formulate

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policies that avoid catastrophic climate

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change

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without unnecessarily damaging people's

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lives

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climate models are the tools needed to

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forecast climate

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the value of the measurements to be made

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by the glory mission

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are the improvements in climb in climate

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models that that data will enable

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now

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the sun provides the power to the engine

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that is our climate

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glory will make two kinds of

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measurements using two sensors focused

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on different aspects of the sun's energy

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to help us better understand earth's

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climate the first sensor the total

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irradiance monitor will measure the

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total amount of energy coming from the

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sun to the earth

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the tim will measure watts per square

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meter of solar energy coming to the

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earth with significantly improved

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accuracy precision and stability

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the glory tim will continue and improve

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our current 32-year record of total

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solar irradiance

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the second instrument the aerosol

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polarimeters polarimetry sensor or aps

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will measure properties of sunlight

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reflected from tiny particles called

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aerosols suspended in the earth's

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atmosphere

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the properties of this reflected light

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are related to the characteristics the

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properties of those atmospheric aerosols

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both natural processes and human

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activities produce these aerosols

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and these aerosols affect the earth's

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energy budget climate in a number of

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ways for example aerosols can scatter

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and absorb light

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higher concentrations of reflective

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aerosols

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cause more scattering and can cool the

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whole earth system

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higher concentrations of aerosols with

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color like suit or black carbon

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can cause

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atmospheric heating and

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cooling of the surface below

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aerosols also affect the radiative

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properties the reflective properties of

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clouds

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the effect of aerosols on climate is

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very complex

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and it is the greatest uncertainty in

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glory aps is aimed directly at this very

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important problem

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the earth's climate system is complex

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and integrates land ocean atmosphere and

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biological processes on a global basis

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in order to put glory measurements in a

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multi-disciplinary global context glory

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will orbit the earth

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in the so-called afternoon or a train

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with glory the a train will be a

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constellation of earth-observing

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satellites

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orbiting in close formation to provide

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coincident comprehensive and coordinated

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observations of the earth system

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sarah

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thanks al

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our next speaker is michael meschenko

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the glory project scientist from the

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nasa goddard institute for space studies

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thank you sarah

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first of all i would like to to join hal

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and say that it's it's really exciting

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to be at this

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time here when a new scientific phase in

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the glory mission is about to begin

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my graphic shows the overall scientific

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objective of the glory mission

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the earth's climate system is fueled by

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the incoming solar energy

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part of this energy is reflected back

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into space and earth

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also emits some heat energy

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if the incoming solar energy is

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perfectly balanced by the outgoing

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energy then the climate system is

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expected to be stable and not change but

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if there is a disbalance for example if

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the amount of the incoming energy

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exceeds the amount of energy going out

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then the earth's climate system is

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expected to change

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as we have been observing for the past

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50 years it is warming

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this tells you that it is extremely

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important to know how much solar energy

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is entering the earth's climate system

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and the objective of the total solar

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irradiance monitor

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on the glory mission is to measure this

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incoming solar energy with extremely

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high accuracy and stability

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and in fact to continue the uh 32-year

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uninterrupted record of solar energy

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measurements from space

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once the solar energy enters the

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earth's system it it gets reprocessed in

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in several ways it can be reflected back

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into space or it can be absorbed in the

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atmosphere and at the surface

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and a very important role in this

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redistribution of the solar energies

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played by tiny particles

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which are airborne they're called

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aerosols

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most of them are so small that it would

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be invisible to a naked eye and yet

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there are so many of them that their

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effect on climate is estimated to be

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quite significant

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the problem with these particles is that

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they can be natural as well as man-made

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so we need a global understanding of the

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distribution of these particles and of

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their composition this can be done only

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from space my next graphic is an

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animation which was created using a

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theoretical computer model of aerosol

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transport

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suit particles so we have these

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theoretical tools

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how to evaluate the transport of

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aerosols and yet we know that these

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theoretical tools are still not accurate

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enough the accuracy must be improved

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quite a bit for us to better understand

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the climate and predict the future

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climate

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again this can be done only from space

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but it's not easy because the aerosol

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particles come in all shapes sizes and

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compositions

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and different types of particles can

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co-exist

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so this really calls for a very special

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satellite instrument capable of

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addressing the aerosol problem with the

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requisite accuracy and specificity

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and in fact the glory aps the aerosol

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polarimetry sensor is the first

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instrument of its kind

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it will measure not just the reflected

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intensity or brightness of sunlight but

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it will also measure its state of

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polarization

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it will accumulate 250 views of the same

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piece of real estate from space and it

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will do that in nine special channels so

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it will provide a wealth of information

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measurement data about each scene it's

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going to look at

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and we expect that this wealth of

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information will allow us to

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determine the properties of aerosols and

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the underlying surface as well as clouds

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with the requisite accuracy

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my next graphic shows you that the

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glory spacecraft will become part of the

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so-called afternoon constellation of

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satellites it will be the sixth car in

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this a train

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and for the team instruments it doesn't

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matter how we fly the spacecraft because

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all it does is to look at the sun at all

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times

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but for the glory aps it is quite

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advantageous to be part of the a train

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because different satellites in this a

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train carry numerous instruments looking

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at the same scenes

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underneath at about the same time and

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they provide a detailed view of the

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climate system

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the addition of the aps

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is expected to provide even a more

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comprehensive view of the system by

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combining measurements from aps and

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other instruments

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we will be able to say much more than we

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would otherwise using these instruments

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separately i'll give you just one

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example aps will be flying right behind

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the calypso lidar

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and the lidar is a very capable

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instrument using a very powerful

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laser

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it can determine the vertical profile of

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the aerosol uh composition in the

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atmosphere with very high accuracy on

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the other hand it doesn't have this

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exquisite sensitivity to the

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microphysical properties of particles as

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aps does and by combining the

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measurements from eps and from calypso

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lidar

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we will

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determine for the first time the

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vertical distribution of the

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microphysical properties of aerosols and

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this is extremely important to improve

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our understanding of the climate system

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back to you sarah thank you

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our next speaker today is greg kopp he's

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the total irradiance monitor instrument

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scientist from the university of

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colorado at boulder's laboratory for

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atmospheric and space physics

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thank you sarah

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so the total irradiance monitor on glory

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is looking at the sun and the reason is

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that the sun's providing all the energy

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input essentially that's driving the

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earth's climate system

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we'll look at the sun in a minute if you

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could please start rolling the first

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animation but let's not go to it just

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yet

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um

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the sun's providing all the energy input

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to the earth's climate system it's

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providing 10 000 times as much energy as

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the next

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input energy source four thousand times

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the amount of energy of all the other

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input sources together

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00:10:57,430 --> 00:10:54,959
now this animation shows in the blue

290
00:10:59,110 --> 00:10:57,440
line here which incidentally is taken

291
00:11:00,710 --> 00:10:59,120
with the predecessor to the total

292
00:11:02,550 --> 00:11:00,720
irradiance monitor that's going to be

293
00:11:04,870 --> 00:11:02,560
flying in glory this one's flying on

294
00:11:07,509 --> 00:11:04,880
nasa's source spacecraft blue line is

295
00:11:09,269 --> 00:11:07,519
showing variations in tsi or total solar

296
00:11:10,630 --> 00:11:09,279
irradiance the total amount of energy

297
00:11:12,150 --> 00:11:10,640
coming from the sun that's heating the

298
00:11:13,590 --> 00:11:12,160
earth's climate system and you can see

299
00:11:15,990 --> 00:11:13,600
that it varies

300
00:11:18,389 --> 00:11:16,000
here with the passage of a large sunspot

301
00:11:21,110 --> 00:11:18,399
region and the formation of another one

302
00:11:22,790 --> 00:11:21,120
as solar activity changes the total

303
00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:22,800
solar irradiance the amount of energy

304
00:11:25,509 --> 00:11:24,480
we're getting from the sun varies with

305
00:11:27,430 --> 00:11:25,519
time

306
00:11:29,829 --> 00:11:27,440
now these are fluctuations that are on

307
00:11:32,069 --> 00:11:29,839
the order of 0.1 to 0.3 percent and

308
00:11:34,470 --> 00:11:32,079
they're occurring over days to weeks

309
00:11:36,470 --> 00:11:34,480
this entire animation here lasts about

310
00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:36,480
three months

311
00:11:39,990 --> 00:11:38,000
the earth's climate system doesn't

312
00:11:42,550 --> 00:11:40,000
really respond that quickly to these

313
00:11:43,509 --> 00:11:42,560
fluctuations what we're more interested

314
00:11:45,910 --> 00:11:43,519
in

315
00:11:47,829 --> 00:11:45,920
is long term how does the sun vary

316
00:11:49,750 --> 00:11:47,839
knowing that it changes this much on

317
00:11:51,750 --> 00:11:49,760
short time scales we'd like to know over

318
00:11:53,509 --> 00:11:51,760
decades over centuries

319
00:11:55,350 --> 00:11:53,519
how does the sun vary because those are

320
00:11:56,949 --> 00:11:55,360
time scales that can be influencing

321
00:11:58,629 --> 00:11:56,959
climate

322
00:12:01,269 --> 00:11:58,639
that also means that you're going to

323
00:12:03,190 --> 00:12:01,279
need a long-term record of what the sun

324
00:12:04,310 --> 00:12:03,200
is doing it's got to be extremely

325
00:12:06,069 --> 00:12:04,320
accurate

326
00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:06,079
being able to measure climate drives

327
00:12:11,110 --> 00:12:08,320
real stringent requirements on accuracy

328
00:12:14,470 --> 00:12:11,120
and stability of these measurements

329
00:12:16,389 --> 00:12:14,480
now nasa noaa and the european space

330
00:12:17,430 --> 00:12:16,399
agency if we could go to the next

331
00:12:19,990 --> 00:12:17,440
graphic

332
00:12:22,470 --> 00:12:20,000
have acquired a 32-year record that

333
00:12:24,069 --> 00:12:22,480
scientists now have taken by several

334
00:12:25,670 --> 00:12:24,079
different instruments the dozen or so

335
00:12:28,310 --> 00:12:25,680
instruments that contribute to this

336
00:12:30,550 --> 00:12:28,320
total solar irradiance record shown here

337
00:12:32,470 --> 00:12:30,560
are shown in different colors

338
00:12:33,990 --> 00:12:32,480
you'll immediately see that each of the

339
00:12:35,910 --> 00:12:34,000
instruments is following the same

340
00:12:37,509 --> 00:12:35,920
behavior in the sun kind of a gradual

341
00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:37,519
11-year cycle where the sun will get a

342
00:12:40,389 --> 00:12:38,880
little brighter and a little dimmer it

343
00:12:41,910 --> 00:12:40,399
also has these very short-term

344
00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:41,920
fluctuations

345
00:12:45,110 --> 00:12:43,760
that i showed you each of these

346
00:12:46,870 --> 00:12:45,120
instruments measures those same

347
00:12:48,550 --> 00:12:46,880
variations very well but you'll see that

348
00:12:49,509 --> 00:12:48,560
there are offsets between each of these

349
00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:49,519
instruments and those are due to

350
00:12:53,509 --> 00:12:51,680
calibration differences something that

351
00:12:55,590 --> 00:12:53,519
we're aiming to be improving with glory

352
00:12:57,350 --> 00:12:55,600
by having an improved accurate

353
00:12:59,910 --> 00:12:57,360
instrument

354
00:13:01,590 --> 00:12:59,920
but it's been because of overlap of each

355
00:13:04,069 --> 00:13:01,600
of these instruments in each of these

356
00:13:06,389 --> 00:13:04,079
measurements where following instruments

357
00:13:08,389 --> 00:13:06,399
will overlap with their predecessors

358
00:13:11,110 --> 00:13:08,399
that you can offset each of the

359
00:13:13,509 --> 00:13:11,120
measurements shown in this plot as we'll

360
00:13:16,389 --> 00:13:13,519
see in the next graphic

361
00:13:18,629 --> 00:13:16,399
to form one continuous record of what

362
00:13:20,949 --> 00:13:18,639
the sun is doing over time

363
00:13:22,470 --> 00:13:20,959
and it's from this continuous record how

364
00:13:24,389 --> 00:13:22,480
the sun is varying and how that

365
00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:24,399
correlates to temperature changes on the

366
00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:26,800
earth that we can infer the climate

367
00:13:31,509 --> 00:13:29,680
sensitivity of the earth to solar

368
00:13:34,150 --> 00:13:31,519
influences

369
00:13:36,150 --> 00:13:34,160
so glory is now going to be continuing

370
00:13:38,550 --> 00:13:36,160
this record it's very important that we

371
00:13:40,230 --> 00:13:38,560
have this overlap with preceding

372
00:13:42,629 --> 00:13:40,240
instruments and preceding measurements

373
00:13:45,030 --> 00:13:42,639
glory is going to be continuing this

374
00:13:46,870 --> 00:13:45,040
record into the near future for us

375
00:13:50,629 --> 00:13:46,880
following on to the total irradiance

376
00:13:53,509 --> 00:13:50,639
monitor currently operating on source

377
00:13:54,629 --> 00:13:53,519
so we'll be extending this record with

378
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:54,639
time

379
00:13:58,790 --> 00:13:56,800
we'll be improving the accuracy of this

380
00:14:01,269 --> 00:13:58,800
record and that will that will take care

381
00:14:03,829 --> 00:14:01,279
of some of the offsets that i showed you

382
00:14:05,670 --> 00:14:03,839
in one of the previous plots improve the

383
00:14:07,269 --> 00:14:05,680
record by not having those offsets that

384
00:14:09,189 --> 00:14:07,279
that mitigates a little bit against a

385
00:14:10,870 --> 00:14:09,199
potential future data gap if we were to

386
00:14:12,389 --> 00:14:10,880
have a gap in data and come back with a

387
00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:12,399
following instrument

388
00:14:15,350 --> 00:14:13,920
and it reads a little bit higher or a

389
00:14:17,110 --> 00:14:15,360
little bit lower than what we'd seen

390
00:14:19,269 --> 00:14:17,120
before is that due to the sun changing

391
00:14:21,350 --> 00:14:19,279
or due to an instrument change by having

392
00:14:23,030 --> 00:14:21,360
improved accuracy glory is going to be

393
00:14:25,030 --> 00:14:23,040
improving on that record making it a

394
00:14:27,269 --> 00:14:25,040
little more robust against

395
00:14:29,509 --> 00:14:27,279
against gaps in the data

396
00:14:31,750 --> 00:14:29,519
so there are basically four things wise

397
00:14:33,990 --> 00:14:31,760
that we're looking to get from glory

398
00:14:35,910 --> 00:14:34,000
we're looking to know what the true

399
00:14:37,590 --> 00:14:35,920
total solar radiance value is on an

400
00:14:39,269 --> 00:14:37,600
absolute scale

401
00:14:40,949 --> 00:14:39,279
by extending the record we're going to

402
00:14:43,269 --> 00:14:40,959
be able to better tell what solar

403
00:14:44,949 --> 00:14:43,279
features are causing variations in the

404
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:44,959
sun's output

405
00:14:48,230 --> 00:14:46,880
we want to know again by lengthening

406
00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:48,240
this record

407
00:14:52,389 --> 00:14:51,040
how the sun changes over decades over

408
00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:52,399
centuries

409
00:14:57,750 --> 00:14:55,040
and this extended record will then tell

410
00:14:59,829 --> 00:14:57,760
us with better certainty how the sun is

411
00:15:01,189 --> 00:14:59,839
contributing to climate change on the

412
00:15:04,310 --> 00:15:01,199
earth and how sensitive the earth's

413
00:15:05,910 --> 00:15:04,320
climate system is to solar inputs

414
00:15:07,590 --> 00:15:05,920
thank you and back to you sarah all

415
00:15:09,350 --> 00:15:07,600
right thanks greg

416
00:15:11,189 --> 00:15:09,360
our final speaker on the panel today is

417
00:15:13,509 --> 00:15:11,199
brian cairns he's the aerosol

418
00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:13,519
polarimetry sensor instrument scientist

419
00:15:17,110 --> 00:15:15,600
from nasa's goddard institute for space

420
00:15:19,910 --> 00:15:17,120
studies

421
00:15:22,710 --> 00:15:19,920
uh good afternoon um thank you sarah

422
00:15:25,030 --> 00:15:22,720
for some people it's been a long road

423
00:15:27,189 --> 00:15:25,040
to get this glory mission but for me

424
00:15:30,389 --> 00:15:27,199
this started before dawn in april of

425
00:15:31,829 --> 00:15:30,399
1998 on a mountain above santa barbara

426
00:15:33,829 --> 00:15:31,839
where we made the first measurements

427
00:15:35,990 --> 00:15:33,839
with an airborne prototype of the

428
00:15:37,670 --> 00:15:36,000
aerosol polarimetry sensor

429
00:15:39,430 --> 00:15:37,680
it was those measurements that convinced

430
00:15:40,790 --> 00:15:39,440
us that we could make measurements in

431
00:15:42,150 --> 00:15:40,800
the real world that were just as

432
00:15:43,509 --> 00:15:42,160
accurate as the ones we made in the

433
00:15:45,110 --> 00:15:43,519
laboratory

434
00:15:47,990 --> 00:15:45,120
so i've not actually come very far but

435
00:15:49,189 --> 00:15:48,000
it's taken a while to get here

436
00:15:53,110 --> 00:15:49,199
so

437
00:15:55,030 --> 00:15:53,120
before dawn is that i was setting up a

438
00:15:56,629 --> 00:15:55,040
sun photometer to make measurements of

439
00:15:57,829 --> 00:15:56,639
these little airborne particles called

440
00:15:59,829 --> 00:15:57,839
aerosols

441
00:16:01,749 --> 00:15:59,839
sun photometers look at how much the sun

442
00:16:03,110 --> 00:16:01,759
is dimmed by the little particles and

443
00:16:04,790 --> 00:16:03,120
are a really good way of making that

444
00:16:06,310 --> 00:16:04,800
kind of measurement

445
00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:06,320
the reason that we can't use sun

446
00:16:10,710 --> 00:16:09,360
photometers to do the job that the aps

447
00:16:12,629 --> 00:16:10,720
is going to do is that you'd have to

448
00:16:14,389 --> 00:16:12,639
have half a million of them uniformly

449
00:16:15,829 --> 00:16:14,399
distributed around the world and it's

450
00:16:18,310 --> 00:16:15,839
kind of awkward to stick them in the

451
00:16:20,870 --> 00:16:18,320
middle of the southern oceans

452
00:16:23,189 --> 00:16:20,880
um can i have my first graphic please

453
00:16:25,670 --> 00:16:23,199
so what the aerosol polarimetry sensor

454
00:16:27,910 --> 00:16:25,680
will do in the afternoon constellation

455
00:16:30,470 --> 00:16:27,920
is we'll have six hundred thousand

456
00:16:32,310 --> 00:16:30,480
observations spread around the globe

457
00:16:34,949 --> 00:16:32,320
and at each one of those points we take

458
00:16:36,790 --> 00:16:34,959
ten thousand measurements

459
00:16:38,710 --> 00:16:36,800
and the reason that we take 10 000

460
00:16:40,790 --> 00:16:38,720
measurements is because aerosols and

461
00:16:42,389 --> 00:16:40,800
clouds are kind of a mess if you look at

462
00:16:44,550 --> 00:16:42,399
the the graphic

463
00:16:47,110 --> 00:16:44,560
this is a picture of the pico de arizaba

464
00:16:48,949 --> 00:16:47,120
which is the highest mountain in mexico

465
00:16:51,350 --> 00:16:48,959
and on the left you can see pollution

466
00:16:53,590 --> 00:16:51,360
flowing out from mexico city and on the

467
00:16:55,110 --> 00:16:53,600
right there are cumulus clouds in the

468
00:16:57,990 --> 00:16:55,120
coastal range

469
00:16:59,430 --> 00:16:58,000
and so as greg said the sun is the thing

470
00:17:01,430 --> 00:16:59,440
that's heating the earth it's the

471
00:17:02,550 --> 00:17:01,440
dominant source of energy coming into

472
00:17:04,949 --> 00:17:02,560
the system

473
00:17:06,949 --> 00:17:04,959
and what aps tells you is what what

474
00:17:09,189 --> 00:17:06,959
energy is coming back out

475
00:17:11,669 --> 00:17:09,199
but more than that it tells you what is

476
00:17:13,510 --> 00:17:11,679
coming out and what caused it to come

477
00:17:15,189 --> 00:17:13,520
out because you really want to know

478
00:17:17,110 --> 00:17:15,199
whether you have these little particles

479
00:17:18,789 --> 00:17:17,120
that are going to absorb light

480
00:17:20,309 --> 00:17:18,799
sending it back to space

481
00:17:23,029 --> 00:17:20,319
because they'll send it back to space

482
00:17:24,549 --> 00:17:23,039
but also absorb in the in the atmosphere

483
00:17:26,789 --> 00:17:24,559
or if it's something like a cloud which

484
00:17:28,549 --> 00:17:26,799
doesn't absorb very much so you reflect

485
00:17:31,190 --> 00:17:28,559
it out there's not much absorbed in the

486
00:17:33,590 --> 00:17:31,200
cloud and it gets to the surface and and

487
00:17:35,590 --> 00:17:33,600
heats the surface

488
00:17:36,470 --> 00:17:35,600
and the way in which we diagnose whether

489
00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:36,480
we have

490
00:17:41,190 --> 00:17:38,480
small aerosol particles big aerosol

491
00:17:44,230 --> 00:17:41,200
particles non-spherical particles ice

492
00:17:46,950 --> 00:17:44,240
particles or cloud droplets is primarily

493
00:17:48,789 --> 00:17:46,960
using the polarization um could you show

494
00:17:51,909 --> 00:17:48,799
the next graphic please

495
00:17:53,669 --> 00:17:51,919
this is um sort of the most obvious and

496
00:17:55,590 --> 00:17:53,679
and

497
00:17:58,310 --> 00:17:55,600
visually enticing

498
00:17:59,669 --> 00:17:58,320
example of polarization on the left is a

499
00:18:02,070 --> 00:17:59,679
picture taken

500
00:18:03,430 --> 00:18:02,080
it shows a rainbow and a polarizer was

501
00:18:06,150 --> 00:18:03,440
used so you can actually see that

502
00:18:07,990 --> 00:18:06,160
rainbow on the right there's no rainbow

503
00:18:08,789 --> 00:18:08,000
because there was no polarizer used and

504
00:18:11,190 --> 00:18:08,799
the

505
00:18:12,470 --> 00:18:11,200
reflected light is so bright you simply

506
00:18:14,310 --> 00:18:12,480
can't see the rainbow without a

507
00:18:15,669 --> 00:18:14,320
polarizer

508
00:18:17,830 --> 00:18:15,679
why do we want to measure things like

509
00:18:20,710 --> 00:18:17,840
rainbows it's because the angular

510
00:18:23,029 --> 00:18:20,720
distribution and color of that light

511
00:18:25,190 --> 00:18:23,039
tells you exactly how big those cloud

512
00:18:27,029 --> 00:18:25,200
droplets are and it tells you what the

513
00:18:27,750 --> 00:18:27,039
width of the droplet size distribution

514
00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:27,760
is

515
00:18:33,430 --> 00:18:31,200
use when we're trying to diagnose

516
00:18:35,430 --> 00:18:33,440
whether aerosols have changed

517
00:18:39,350 --> 00:18:35,440
how those clouds are formed

518
00:18:42,630 --> 00:18:40,470
so

519
00:18:44,390 --> 00:18:42,640
we're interested in trying to understand

520
00:18:47,110 --> 00:18:44,400
whether it's natural

521
00:18:49,909 --> 00:18:47,120
aerosols or and or aerosols that we make

522
00:18:50,870 --> 00:18:49,919
that are dominating the uh the climate

523
00:18:52,390 --> 00:18:50,880
signal

524
00:18:54,549 --> 00:18:52,400
and obviously when you take a picture of

525
00:18:56,789 --> 00:18:54,559
los angeles it's really easy to know

526
00:18:58,310 --> 00:18:56,799
where the aerosols came from

527
00:19:00,710 --> 00:18:58,320
we know that most the ones over los

528
00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:00,720
angeles they're they're ones we made

529
00:19:04,150 --> 00:19:02,000
the reason that we have something like

530
00:19:06,470 --> 00:19:04,160
the aerosol polarimetry sensor making

531
00:19:07,990 --> 00:19:06,480
ten thousand measurements of these

532
00:19:10,390 --> 00:19:08,000
six hundred thousand points around the

533
00:19:12,390 --> 00:19:10,400
globe is to diagnose the composition of

534
00:19:14,150 --> 00:19:12,400
the aerosols in those locations so that

535
00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:14,160
we can distinguish between the

536
00:19:18,549 --> 00:19:16,720
contributions from natural

537
00:19:20,390 --> 00:19:18,559
sources of aerosols and anthropogenic

538
00:19:22,549 --> 00:19:20,400
aerosols

539
00:19:23,669 --> 00:19:22,559
and can you show my last graphic

540
00:19:27,270 --> 00:19:23,679
and

541
00:19:30,070 --> 00:19:27,280
is just a

542
00:19:32,630 --> 00:19:30,080
cartoon showing that

543
00:19:35,270 --> 00:19:32,640
every every cloud droplet every ice

544
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:35,280
particle in a serous cloud forms on an

545
00:19:38,789 --> 00:19:36,880
aerosol particle

546
00:19:40,950 --> 00:19:38,799
that's the energetically

547
00:19:43,350 --> 00:19:40,960
easiest way for them to form

548
00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:43,360
so if you put a lot of little particles

549
00:19:46,710 --> 00:19:45,360
um in the atmosphere and then you lift a

550
00:19:47,990 --> 00:19:46,720
parcel of air

551
00:19:50,310 --> 00:19:48,000
then what's going to happen is you'll

552
00:19:51,669 --> 00:19:50,320
form more little droplets

553
00:19:53,029 --> 00:19:51,679
and what that can do is it can make your

554
00:19:54,549 --> 00:19:53,039
cloud brighter

555
00:19:56,390 --> 00:19:54,559
it can also mean that the cloud will

556
00:19:58,549 --> 00:19:56,400
last longer because it's less likely to

557
00:20:00,789 --> 00:19:58,559
grow large enough to rain out

558
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:00,799
and so again this is why we need the

559
00:20:04,310 --> 00:20:02,720
aerosol polarimetry sensor to do these

560
00:20:07,270 --> 00:20:04,320
very accurate measurements of the

561
00:20:10,310 --> 00:20:07,280
droplet sizes of droplets in clouds and

562
00:20:12,470 --> 00:20:10,320
also understand how many aerosols were

563
00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:12,480
present um and

564
00:20:15,990 --> 00:20:14,720
when the cloud was formed

565
00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:16,000
um so

566
00:20:19,590 --> 00:20:17,600
to summarize the aerosol polar imagery

567
00:20:21,190 --> 00:20:19,600
sensor were like

568
00:20:22,070 --> 00:20:21,200
sun photometers spread all over the

569
00:20:24,149 --> 00:20:22,080
world

570
00:20:26,789 --> 00:20:24,159
making ten thousand measurements at each

571
00:20:27,750 --> 00:20:26,799
point around around the globe

572
00:20:30,470 --> 00:20:27,760
and

573
00:20:32,470 --> 00:20:30,480
we're really trying to nail down exactly

574
00:20:34,470 --> 00:20:32,480
what the contribution of aerosols and

575
00:20:36,230 --> 00:20:34,480
clouds is to the

576
00:20:38,070 --> 00:20:36,240
amount of radiation that's reflected out

577
00:20:39,270 --> 00:20:38,080
of the atmosphere and how much gets the

578
00:20:40,630 --> 00:20:39,280
surface

579
00:20:42,549 --> 00:20:40,640
back to you

580
00:20:44,549 --> 00:20:42,559
all right thank you brian and thanks to

581
00:20:46,230 --> 00:20:44,559
each of our speakers today on this glory

582
00:20:47,830 --> 00:20:46,240
mission science briefing

583
00:20:49,909 --> 00:20:47,840
at this point i'm going to go ahead and

584
00:20:52,149 --> 00:20:49,919
take some questions we'll start here

585
00:20:53,830 --> 00:20:52,159
with uh news media in the room and then

586
00:20:56,070 --> 00:20:53,840
we'll go to the phones for questions

587
00:20:57,270 --> 00:20:56,080
from kennedy if you could state your

588
00:20:59,430 --> 00:20:57,280
name and affiliation when you get the

589
00:21:01,510 --> 00:20:59,440
microphone janine scully santa maria

590
00:21:03,430 --> 00:21:01,520
times the long poke record

591
00:21:05,270 --> 00:21:03,440
it's kind of been touched on but we're

592
00:21:06,630 --> 00:21:05,280
writing for joe citizen can someone

593
00:21:08,950 --> 00:21:06,640
explain

594
00:21:10,789 --> 00:21:08,960
why joe citizen should care about this

595
00:21:12,310 --> 00:21:10,799
mission and what it's going to really

596
00:21:14,950 --> 00:21:12,320
bring to

597
00:21:19,669 --> 00:21:14,960
a teacher and the local schools or

598
00:21:24,230 --> 00:21:22,390
well ultimately it is about our climate

599
00:21:28,149 --> 00:21:24,240
whether it changes or not

600
00:21:31,190 --> 00:21:28,159
need to know the components of the

601
00:21:33,029 --> 00:21:31,200
energy that go in and go out with an

602
00:21:35,669 --> 00:21:33,039
extremely high accuracy which at this

603
00:21:38,149 --> 00:21:35,679
point we simply don't have that accuracy

604
00:21:40,230 --> 00:21:38,159
except for the incoming solar light we

605
00:21:42,310 --> 00:21:40,240
know that energy accurately and we'll

606
00:21:45,750 --> 00:21:42,320
know that even more accurately as soon

607
00:21:48,070 --> 00:21:45,760
as glory is launched but the ways energy

608
00:21:49,909 --> 00:21:48,080
is reprocessed in the atmosphere are so

609
00:21:52,470 --> 00:21:49,919
complex and there's so many different

610
00:21:54,070 --> 00:21:52,480
mechanisms that affect it

611
00:21:57,110 --> 00:21:54,080
we need to address each of these

612
00:21:59,830 --> 00:21:57,120
mechanisms separately and aps

613
00:22:02,310 --> 00:21:59,840
will do that with respect to aerosols

614
00:22:04,390 --> 00:22:02,320
so ultimately it is about our lifestyle

615
00:22:06,390 --> 00:22:04,400
and the conditions in which we live and

616
00:22:08,390 --> 00:22:06,400
whether climate is changing

617
00:22:10,630 --> 00:22:08,400
and how accurately we can predict

618
00:22:13,350 --> 00:22:10,640
climate changes and to do that we need

619
00:22:16,149 --> 00:22:13,360
to know this energy budget equation with

620
00:22:21,909 --> 00:22:16,159
a very high accuracy and without aps

621
00:22:26,789 --> 00:22:22,950
if

622
00:22:32,870 --> 00:22:30,230
as brian mentioned that aerosols do

623
00:22:34,390 --> 00:22:32,880
impact clouds and one of the examples he

624
00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:34,400
used was that

625
00:22:40,390 --> 00:22:36,960
increased numbers of aerosols will

626
00:22:42,789 --> 00:22:40,400
create clouds with um

627
00:22:45,110 --> 00:22:42,799
larger numbers of droplets that are

628
00:22:47,590 --> 00:22:45,120
smaller and less likely to precipitate

629
00:22:50,230 --> 00:22:47,600
and so as climate changes due to

630
00:22:52,630 --> 00:22:50,240
increased concentrations of aerosols you

631
00:22:54,630 --> 00:22:52,640
could see redistribution of rainfall or

632
00:22:59,190 --> 00:22:54,640
even reductions in rainfall and climate

633
00:23:02,549 --> 00:23:01,029
something that farmers

634
00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:02,559
for example would be very very

635
00:23:08,470 --> 00:23:05,760
interested in in knowing about

636
00:23:11,350 --> 00:23:08,480
i guess the last comment i would have is

637
00:23:15,029 --> 00:23:13,750
right now we don't really know um

638
00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:15,039
what the

639
00:23:20,070 --> 00:23:17,840
effect of aerosols is on climate very

640
00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:20,080
well it could be fifty percent larger or

641
00:23:24,070 --> 00:23:22,000
fifty percent smaller than the current

642
00:23:26,470 --> 00:23:24,080
best guess

643
00:23:29,510 --> 00:23:26,480
and what the aerosols do is they

644
00:23:31,270 --> 00:23:29,520
mask the greenhouse gas warming

645
00:23:34,149 --> 00:23:31,280
so depending on what you assume about

646
00:23:34,950 --> 00:23:34,159
aerosols you can either have

647
00:24:15,110 --> 00:23:34,960
a

648
00:24:17,029 --> 00:24:15,120
know

649
00:24:18,310 --> 00:24:17,039
what that sensitivity is and the

650
00:24:19,590 --> 00:24:18,320
measurements that we're going to make

651
00:24:22,870 --> 00:24:19,600
will help to

652
00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:22,880
constrain and reduce that uncertainty

653
00:24:26,710 --> 00:24:24,720
and janine this also ties back to

654
00:24:29,269 --> 00:24:26,720
something that hell said early on we

655
00:24:30,870 --> 00:24:29,279
touched on see one thing glory does is

656
00:24:33,669 --> 00:24:30,880
it really spans kind of the

657
00:24:35,909 --> 00:24:33,679
anthropogenic or the human-caused

658
00:24:37,750 --> 00:24:35,919
reasons for climate change but it also

659
00:24:39,669 --> 00:24:37,760
addresses some of the natural effects

660
00:24:41,669 --> 00:24:39,679
the things that we have no control over

661
00:24:44,549 --> 00:24:41,679
such as the sun

662
00:24:48,230 --> 00:24:44,559
and as we try to set policy

663
00:24:49,190 --> 00:24:48,240
in the future joe citizen pays joe taxes

664
00:24:51,669 --> 00:24:49,200
and

665
00:24:53,510 --> 00:24:51,679
as we try to decide what policies are

666
00:24:55,590 --> 00:24:53,520
going to be needed to mitigate or

667
00:24:57,190 --> 00:24:55,600
control climate change we need to be

668
00:24:59,190 --> 00:24:57,200
able to distinguish how much of it we

669
00:25:02,149 --> 00:24:59,200
have control over versus how much we

670
00:25:04,230 --> 00:25:03,190
all right i think we have another

671
00:25:05,830 --> 00:25:04,240
question here in the room i'm going to

672
00:25:07,909 --> 00:25:05,840
try my question again norah wallace

673
00:25:10,070 --> 00:25:07,919
santa barbara news press so in terms of

674
00:25:12,549 --> 00:25:10,080
understanding global climate change can

675
00:25:15,909 --> 00:25:12,559
can anyone rank glory's importance in

676
00:25:19,110 --> 00:25:17,510
well maybe it's it's it's this question

677
00:25:20,870 --> 00:25:19,120
is a little unfair

678
00:25:23,830 --> 00:25:20,880
to all of these instruments we might be

679
00:25:25,830 --> 00:25:23,840
a little biased that's right

680
00:25:28,230 --> 00:25:25,840
just a bit

681
00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:28,240
but for example if you look at the

682
00:25:33,029 --> 00:25:30,720
forces of climate physical and chemical

683
00:25:34,310 --> 00:25:33,039
mechanisms that change climates we can

684
00:25:35,750 --> 00:25:34,320
estimate them

685
00:25:37,750 --> 00:25:35,760
and we did

686
00:25:40,149 --> 00:25:37,760
and it turns out that the estimate of

687
00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:40,159
the aerosol forcing of climate

688
00:25:44,070 --> 00:25:41,840
is large it's comparable to the force

689
00:25:46,390 --> 00:25:44,080
and due to the greenhouse gases but if

690
00:25:48,470 --> 00:25:46,400
you look at the uncertainty in this

691
00:25:50,630 --> 00:25:48,480
estimate this uncertainty is as big as

692
00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:50,640
the estimate which tells us that we

693
00:25:55,909 --> 00:25:53,360
don't know much about aerosols at all

694
00:25:58,310 --> 00:25:55,919
and then if we look at the anthropogenic

695
00:26:00,149 --> 00:25:58,320
or man-made forcing of climate

696
00:26:01,750 --> 00:26:00,159
it also has an uncertainty comparable to

697
00:26:03,830 --> 00:26:01,760
the estimate

698
00:26:05,830 --> 00:26:03,840
and almost all of this uncertainty comes

699
00:26:07,750 --> 00:26:05,840
from aerosols from the poor knowledge of

700
00:26:09,510 --> 00:26:07,760
aerosols so to

701
00:26:11,909 --> 00:26:09,520
it's difficult to overestimate the

702
00:26:13,750 --> 00:26:11,919
importance of the glory mission but it's

703
00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:13,760
not to say that we can underestimate the

704
00:26:19,350 --> 00:26:15,360
importance of the other components of

705
00:26:20,230 --> 00:26:19,360
the a train or other satellites

706
00:26:22,789 --> 00:26:20,240
and

707
00:26:25,590 --> 00:26:22,799
just to amplify the

708
00:26:28,149 --> 00:26:25,600
the value of glory goes up substantially

709
00:26:29,510 --> 00:26:28,159
because it's in the a train and as

710
00:26:31,750 --> 00:26:29,520
michael indicated earlier the

711
00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:31,760
combination of calypso

712
00:26:36,710 --> 00:26:34,480
and glory is much more powerful than

713
00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:36,720
either of those two alone and add to

714
00:26:40,149 --> 00:26:37,600
that

715
00:26:42,630 --> 00:26:40,159
cloud sat and and the aqua satellite

716
00:26:45,350 --> 00:26:42,640
with modis on it these are all

717
00:26:47,510 --> 00:26:45,360
really important and valuable um data

718
00:26:49,350 --> 00:26:47,520
sets that when combined give us much

719
00:26:53,590 --> 00:26:49,360
more capability than any one of those

720
00:26:59,269 --> 00:26:55,190
all right i believe we have a question

721
00:27:03,430 --> 00:27:02,310
yeah this is denise ciao from space.com

722
00:27:05,430 --> 00:27:03,440
um

723
00:27:07,590 --> 00:27:05,440
my question is it's a two-part question

724
00:27:09,510 --> 00:27:07,600
actually um how important is it that

725
00:27:11,430 --> 00:27:09,520
glory will be launched at a time when

726
00:27:14,390 --> 00:27:11,440
the sun's activity is ramping up toward

727
00:27:16,470 --> 00:27:14,400
the solar maximum and then second

728
00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:16,480
with the 32-year record that we already

729
00:27:19,350 --> 00:27:18,240
have

730
00:27:21,350 --> 00:27:19,360
what is already known about the

731
00:27:22,789 --> 00:27:21,360
correlation between solar activity and

732
00:27:25,269 --> 00:27:22,799
the concentration of aerosols in the

733
00:27:26,070 --> 00:27:25,279
atmosphere

734
00:27:28,230 --> 00:27:26,080
okay

735
00:27:29,269 --> 00:27:28,240
the first question is how important is

736
00:27:31,909 --> 00:27:29,279
it that we're

737
00:27:35,669 --> 00:27:31,919
we're starting to monitor with glory the

738
00:27:37,269 --> 00:27:35,679
sun as it's ramping up that's not

739
00:27:38,870 --> 00:27:37,279
critically important what is more

740
00:27:41,590 --> 00:27:38,880
critical is that we get very good

741
00:27:43,909 --> 00:27:41,600
overlap with the total irradiance

742
00:27:45,750 --> 00:27:43,919
monitor that's flying on source so

743
00:27:47,750 --> 00:27:45,760
there's a good 32-year record that i've

744
00:27:51,590 --> 00:27:47,760
shown now but it does rely on continuity

745
00:27:52,789 --> 00:27:51,600
and overlap of each of these instruments

746
00:27:55,190 --> 00:27:52,799
the glory

747
00:27:57,350 --> 00:27:55,200
total radiance monitor has a better

748
00:27:59,350 --> 00:27:57,360
absolute calibration on it than anything

749
00:28:01,430 --> 00:27:59,360
that's been launched before

750
00:28:03,750 --> 00:28:01,440
and by getting that instrument

751
00:28:05,909 --> 00:28:03,760
on orbit and able to overlap with the

752
00:28:08,789 --> 00:28:05,919
predecessors will be able to link some

753
00:28:09,990 --> 00:28:08,799
of that historical 32-year record tie it

754
00:28:12,950 --> 00:28:10,000
down better

755
00:28:15,510 --> 00:28:12,960
to with better absolute accuracy via the

756
00:28:16,549 --> 00:28:15,520
glory total irradiance monitor

757
00:28:23,269 --> 00:28:16,559
so

758
00:28:25,110 --> 00:28:23,279
isn't very important but getting that

759
00:28:26,710 --> 00:28:25,120
overlap with the existing record and

760
00:28:30,630 --> 00:28:26,720
particularly with the total irradiance

761
00:28:32,630 --> 00:28:30,640
monitor and source is very important

762
00:28:34,630 --> 00:28:32,640
in terms of

763
00:28:35,750 --> 00:28:34,640
links between

764
00:28:37,029 --> 00:28:35,760
the sun

765
00:28:38,789 --> 00:28:37,039
and

766
00:28:40,549 --> 00:28:38,799
climate

767
00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:40,559
this is this is not directly addressing

768
00:28:43,990 --> 00:28:42,240
the aerosols yet

769
00:28:45,990 --> 00:28:44,000
there are good correlations between

770
00:28:47,510 --> 00:28:46,000
solar activity and that 11-year cycle

771
00:28:49,669 --> 00:28:47,520
we've been able to see about three of

772
00:28:51,510 --> 00:28:49,679
them so far with good spacecraft

773
00:28:54,549 --> 00:28:51,520
measurements there are good links

774
00:28:57,669 --> 00:28:54,559
between temperature and solar activity

775
00:28:59,430 --> 00:28:57,679
the the links to aerosols are a little

776
00:29:01,590 --> 00:28:59,440
more tenuous and something that we will

777
00:29:03,909 --> 00:29:01,600
be improving a bit with glory but

778
00:29:05,430 --> 00:29:03,919
perhaps michael you'd be able to

779
00:29:07,590 --> 00:29:05,440
to say anything that you you'd know

780
00:29:09,830 --> 00:29:07,600
about correlations between solar

781
00:29:13,110 --> 00:29:09,840
activity and aerosols

782
00:29:13,909 --> 00:29:13,120
probably there's no direct correlation

783
00:29:16,310 --> 00:29:13,919
but

784
00:29:19,750 --> 00:29:16,320
there was this global phenomenon called

785
00:29:21,029 --> 00:29:19,760
global dimming which was occurring 50

786
00:29:22,870 --> 00:29:21,039
20 years ago

787
00:29:24,710 --> 00:29:22,880
which means that with time the amount of

788
00:29:27,190 --> 00:29:24,720
solar energy penetrating all the way

789
00:29:29,990 --> 00:29:27,200
down to the surface was decreasing

790
00:29:32,230 --> 00:29:30,000
and one of the hypothesis was that it is

791
00:29:34,310 --> 00:29:32,240
because the amount of aerosols in the

792
00:29:36,470 --> 00:29:34,320
atmosphere was increasing

793
00:29:38,870 --> 00:29:36,480
and so they were reflecting more

794
00:29:40,710 --> 00:29:38,880
sunlight back into space

795
00:29:42,470 --> 00:29:40,720
just because of their numbers

796
00:29:45,029 --> 00:29:42,480
and then this global dimming was

797
00:29:47,269 --> 00:29:45,039
replaced by global brightening which is

798
00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:47,279
happening now so more sunlight

799
00:29:50,470 --> 00:29:48,960
penetrates all the way to the surface

800
00:29:52,470 --> 00:29:50,480
and warms it

801
00:29:54,789 --> 00:29:52,480
we don't know exactly what the physical

802
00:29:56,789 --> 00:29:54,799
mechanisms of this phenomena are

803
00:29:58,789 --> 00:29:56,799
but no doubt aerosols contribute quite a

804
00:30:01,029 --> 00:29:58,799
bit to both phenomena

805
00:30:03,669 --> 00:30:01,039
we need to study this phenomena and also

806
00:30:05,750 --> 00:30:03,679
we need to study the human-made

807
00:30:08,630 --> 00:30:05,760
contribution to this phenomena for

808
00:30:11,510 --> 00:30:08,640
example there have been several

809
00:30:14,470 --> 00:30:11,520
laws adopted in the late 1970s in europe

810
00:30:16,549 --> 00:30:14,480
and the united states clean air acts and

811
00:30:18,710 --> 00:30:16,559
eventually they took effect and we now

812
00:30:20,149 --> 00:30:18,720
know that the amount of aerosols over

813
00:30:21,669 --> 00:30:20,159
europe and the united states has

814
00:30:23,029 --> 00:30:21,679
decreased quite a bit

815
00:30:25,190 --> 00:30:23,039
of course this is not true of other

816
00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:25,200
parts of the globe including china and

817
00:30:30,230 --> 00:30:27,840
india and other developing countries so

818
00:30:32,549 --> 00:30:30,240
we need to know what these countries do

819
00:30:34,630 --> 00:30:32,559
to contribute to the aerosol population

820
00:30:36,789 --> 00:30:34,640
in the atmosphere and how this affects

821
00:30:40,630 --> 00:30:36,799
climate and this is what the glory aps

822
00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:42,149
thank you greg and michael do we have

823
00:30:45,909 --> 00:30:44,480
follow-up questions here in the room

824
00:30:47,510 --> 00:30:45,919
one more i wonder if anybody would be

825
00:30:48,549 --> 00:30:47,520
willing to address what you think of

826
00:30:51,669 --> 00:30:48,559
having the

827
00:30:56,230 --> 00:30:51,679
hitchhiker payload going on your your

828
00:30:56,240 --> 00:31:03,190
good for them

829
00:31:09,990 --> 00:31:06,070
no it's been very carefully um analyzed

830
00:31:12,470 --> 00:31:10,000
and and the the risk to glory from

831
00:31:14,310 --> 00:31:12,480
from their edition is negligible

832
00:31:15,830 --> 00:31:14,320
so we're fine with it

833
00:31:17,590 --> 00:31:15,840
and they may be helping our future

834
00:31:19,669 --> 00:31:17,600
instruments because they're going to be

835
00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:19,679
improving perhaps communications that

836
00:31:23,350 --> 00:31:21,760
we'd be able to get from from future

837
00:31:27,590 --> 00:31:23,360
spacecraft

838
00:31:31,590 --> 00:31:29,590
can you characterize how much more

839
00:31:33,269 --> 00:31:31,600
improved the instrument on glory will be

840
00:31:35,350 --> 00:31:33,279
for measuring uh

841
00:31:37,190 --> 00:31:35,360
solar radiance compared to what you have

842
00:31:39,830 --> 00:31:37,200
been using before on source is there a

843
00:31:42,470 --> 00:31:39,840
way to characterize just how much neater

844
00:31:44,549 --> 00:31:42,480
and cooler this one is

845
00:31:46,310 --> 00:31:44,559
this one that the one flying in source i

846
00:31:48,310 --> 00:31:46,320
should say is about a factor of three

847
00:31:49,509 --> 00:31:48,320
better in accuracy than anything that's

848
00:31:51,029 --> 00:31:49,519
flown before

849
00:31:52,870 --> 00:31:51,039
now you notice i

850
00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:52,880
probably remember the offsets on those

851
00:31:56,230 --> 00:31:54,000
graphs

852
00:31:58,149 --> 00:31:56,240
the source being the the newest

853
00:31:59,830 --> 00:31:58,159
instrument to be producing data for

854
00:32:00,710 --> 00:31:59,840
total solar radiance is a fair amount

855
00:32:03,269 --> 00:32:00,720
lower

856
00:32:04,950 --> 00:32:03,279
than the preceding instruments

857
00:32:06,310 --> 00:32:04,960
um and we'd spent quite a while trying

858
00:32:08,149 --> 00:32:06,320
to understand that and getting the

859
00:32:10,149 --> 00:32:08,159
entire total solar ratings community

860
00:32:12,070 --> 00:32:10,159
together the you know it sounds like a

861
00:32:13,029 --> 00:32:12,080
big community but it's smaller than the

862
00:32:14,870 --> 00:32:13,039
group

863
00:32:17,350 --> 00:32:14,880
worldwide

864
00:32:19,830 --> 00:32:17,360
that we have in this room right now

865
00:32:21,750 --> 00:32:19,840
but what we're learning is that

866
00:32:23,669 --> 00:32:21,760
an improved instrument design that we

867
00:32:25,669 --> 00:32:23,679
have with the total irradiance monitor

868
00:32:27,590 --> 00:32:25,679
that went up on source

869
00:32:29,509 --> 00:32:27,600
allows a lot less scattered light into

870
00:32:31,909 --> 00:32:29,519
the instrument so the preceding

871
00:32:34,310 --> 00:32:31,919
instruments had additional light that

872
00:32:37,029 --> 00:32:34,320
made them read erroneously high we

873
00:32:39,750 --> 00:32:37,039
recently got a paper published to that

874
00:32:41,430 --> 00:32:39,760
effect that explains the scatter and why

875
00:32:43,029 --> 00:32:41,440
those instruments read higher than the

876
00:32:44,789 --> 00:32:43,039
total irradiance monitor does but it

877
00:32:47,269 --> 00:32:44,799
does look like the total radiance

878
00:32:48,870 --> 00:32:47,279
monitor on source is at least a factor

879
00:32:50,230 --> 00:32:48,880
or three better than the preceding

880
00:32:53,110 --> 00:32:50,240
instruments

881
00:32:54,950 --> 00:32:53,120
now with some design changes mostly to

882
00:32:56,630 --> 00:32:54,960
the electronics and the glory total

883
00:32:58,549 --> 00:32:56,640
irradiance monitor

884
00:33:02,149 --> 00:32:58,559
and with the new calibration facility

885
00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:02,159
that we've built under the glory program

886
00:33:06,230 --> 00:33:03,840
partly because

887
00:33:08,070 --> 00:33:06,240
when i first started off on source

888
00:33:09,909 --> 00:33:08,080
every time i would show that plot of all

889
00:33:11,190 --> 00:33:09,919
these offset instruments someone would

890
00:33:13,029 --> 00:33:11,200
say

891
00:33:14,070 --> 00:33:13,039
why didn't you guys calibrate these

892
00:33:16,230 --> 00:33:14,080
things

893
00:33:17,590 --> 00:33:16,240
and it's not that simple the offsets on

894
00:33:19,350 --> 00:33:17,600
there they look large but they're

895
00:33:21,190 --> 00:33:19,360
actually fairly small on the scale

896
00:33:22,950 --> 00:33:21,200
that's shown there

897
00:33:25,110 --> 00:33:22,960
every one of those instruments really is

898
00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:25,120
calibrated as well as people could do in

899
00:33:30,470 --> 00:33:27,600
the labs at the time

900
00:33:33,190 --> 00:33:30,480
but there has been over these 32 years

901
00:33:35,190 --> 00:33:33,200
no facility on the ground that could

902
00:33:37,830 --> 00:33:35,200
calibrate one of these instruments end

903
00:33:40,549 --> 00:33:37,840
to end for measuring irradiance

904
00:33:42,470 --> 00:33:40,559
something at solar power levels

905
00:33:44,870 --> 00:33:42,480
on glory we decided to address that

906
00:33:47,269 --> 00:33:44,880
problem and we created a facility

907
00:33:49,110 --> 00:33:47,279
that would bring any instrument

908
00:33:50,950 --> 00:33:49,120
any total solar radiance instrument in

909
00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:50,960
the world into our facility and be able

910
00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:52,960
to compare it against a nist calibrated

911
00:33:57,269 --> 00:33:54,960
cryogenic radiometer kind of the gold

912
00:33:59,269 --> 00:33:57,279
standard in doing radiometry

913
00:34:02,230 --> 00:33:59,279
so we created a new facility to be able

914
00:34:04,230 --> 00:34:02,240
to end and validate these instruments

915
00:34:05,830 --> 00:34:04,240
and the glory

916
00:34:08,470 --> 00:34:05,840
instrument is the first flight

917
00:34:10,389 --> 00:34:08,480
instrument to be calibrated on that

918
00:34:11,349 --> 00:34:10,399
facility so not only have we improved

919
00:34:17,669 --> 00:34:11,359
the

920
00:34:19,430 --> 00:34:17,679
we've also kind of validated that with

921
00:34:21,430 --> 00:34:19,440
this good nist

922
00:34:23,270 --> 00:34:21,440
certified cryogenic radiometer in

923
00:34:24,550 --> 00:34:23,280
comparisons against that with the new

924
00:34:27,270 --> 00:34:24,560
facility

925
00:34:27,990 --> 00:34:27,280
that gives about a factor of three or

926
00:34:32,069 --> 00:34:28,000
the

927
00:34:33,909 --> 00:34:32,079
electronics and calibrations gives about

928
00:34:36,389 --> 00:34:33,919
a factor of three improvement over what

929
00:34:37,909 --> 00:34:36,399
we've achieved on source

930
00:34:39,829 --> 00:34:37,919
so i am

931
00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:39,839
really looking forward to seeing glory

932
00:34:43,190 --> 00:34:42,240
go up and seeing it match very closely

933
00:34:44,790 --> 00:34:43,200
with

934
00:34:48,869 --> 00:34:44,800
the measurements that we're getting from

935
00:34:50,389 --> 00:34:48,879
the total radiance monitor on source

936
00:34:51,589 --> 00:34:50,399
thank you greg

937
00:34:53,109 --> 00:34:51,599
we're going to go ahead and conclude

938
00:34:55,510 --> 00:34:53,119
this briefing now because we do have

939
00:34:57,109 --> 00:34:55,520
another one coming up shortly and we

940
00:34:58,470 --> 00:34:57,119
need to make sure that we have enough

941
00:35:00,150 --> 00:34:58,480
time for all the questions on that

942
00:35:01,589 --> 00:35:00,160
briefing as well

943
00:35:03,190 --> 00:35:01,599
so at this point i just want to thank

944
00:35:04,790 --> 00:35:03,200
our panelists again one more time for

945
00:35:06,870 --> 00:35:04,800
being with us today and all of our

946
00:35:08,710 --> 00:35:06,880
guests on the phone and here in the room

947
00:35:10,470 --> 00:35:08,720
uh stay tuned for the next briefing